ساخت واژه‌های ترکیبی در خسرو و شیرین و مخزن‌الاسرار نظامی

The aim of this research is to study and investigate the structure and meaning of repeated compounds in two works by Nizami, namely "Khosrow and Shirin" and "Makhzen al-Asrar". In these two works, Nizami has used repetition, along with other word-building methods such as compounding, derivation, compound-derivation and reduction. In Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin, repeated compounds can be examined in the form of noun, verb and adjective groups. The method in this research is descriptive-analytical and all examples of verb, adverb and adjective in the two mentioned works of Nizami are examined. The most important findings of this research show that among the types of repetition, the poet has used both its patterns, namely complete and incomplete repetition and their various branches. There are repetitions in the two works mentioned by Nizami: such as noun + noun, noun + interjection + noun, object + interjection + object, adjective + interjection + adjective, countable number + interjection + countable number, adverb + adverb, adverb + interjection + adverb, prayer sentence with a combination of the letter neda and monada +, exclamatory sentence with the same combination, infinitive + infinitive, noun + interjection + subjects or the imperfect form of a noun, object + interjection + object from the root of object. Most of the repeated nominal combinations in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan-ul-Asrar” are complete repetitions of the middle addition with grammatical morphemes. Most of the repeated adjectives and adverbial combinations in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan-ul-Asrar” are complete repetitions of the middle addition with grammatical morphemes. In addition to artistic form, these repetitions show the lexical structure and development of the Persian language. 
Introduction
One way to enrich a language is through word formation. This is accomplished through various methods such as compounding, derivation, acronym formation, repetition, and so on. The repetition method, due to its artistic nature, is of particular interest to renowned poets. In this paper, the types of repeated compounds in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan al-Asrar” are examined. Repeated compounds in the two works mentioned have a significant impact on Nizami's word formation and the beauty of his poetry. Furthermore, they create harmony, coherence, and impact on the audience. In this paper, repetition will be examined in terms of structure and category. Repeated compounds are a type of repetition that are created based on the patterns and structural features of the Persian language and are subject to constructional rules. This type of word formation has not been widely described by grammar writers, and it is often addressed in books of rhetorics in terms of its artistic manifestation. This research analyzes the types of nominal, adjectival, and adverbial compounds in “Khosrow and Shirin” and “Makhzan al-Asrar”, along with their structure and their role in word formation and compounding.
Materials & Methods
The method used in this research is descriptive-analytical and based on the study of the two aforementioned works, examining the structure, category, and semantic function of their repeated compounds, and drawing conclusions based on the research findings. Some words are formed by adding affixes, and others by combining words, or a combination of these two methods. Numerous words in the Persian language are formed through the process of repetition, and the repeated word conveys concepts such as intensity, emphasis, continuity, abundance, increase, type, or kind. The repetition process may repeat all or part of the word and create a new word with a meaning different from the basic meaning. If a word is formed by repeating the entire base, it can also be called a repeated compound, which is divided into affixed and non-affixed types. A non-affixed repeated compound is formed only by repeating the base; whereas, in an affixed repeated compound, in addition to the two repeated bases, a grammatical morpheme is added to it, which is placed between the two bases or after the second base (Shaghaghi, 1386: 99).
Research findings
In grammar books, materials have been written about repetition. For example, Homayoun Farrokh (cf. 1338: 564-567) refers to repetition in the discussion of adverbs and adjuncts; with some dual or paired adjectives such as "sarasar" (entirely), "sartapa" (from head to toe), "chaman chaman" (gracefully). He exemplifies one of the types of compound adverbs and adjuncts that is frequently seen in Persian and enhances the beauty of speech, but writers have overlooked it. These are dual or paired adverbs and adjuncts that are seen in most types of adverbs and adjuncts, i.e., temporal, spatial, manner, etc. He then adds that most of these types of adverbs share characteristics with adjectives, and there are many of this type among adjectives as well. Like: "lakht lakht" (piece by piece), "nafas nafas" (breath by breath). In (cf: ibid: 571), he refers to repetition with the letters "be" (to) and "dar" (in), which he calls the "be" of repetition and state, and it comes in the middle: "yek-be-yek" (one by one), "no be no" (brand new), "dam-be-dam" (moment by moment), "loon-dar-loon" (color upon color); therefore, he refers to a part of the repetition; but he does not say anything about its word-formation capacity. In other words, he only refers to the meaning of repeated and beautiful adverbs. Vahidian Kamyar (1381: 105) says about repeated words: These words may originally be nouns, adjectives, or adverbs; but almost all fall into the adverbial group. Such as: "ahesteh ahesteh" (slowly slowly), "rafteh rafteh" (gradually), "dasteh dasteh" (group by group), "sartasar" (all over), "seh ta seh ta" (three by three). Rarely may they be posterior adjectives (= noun dependents). Like: "sakht goftan ahesteh ahesteh" (speaking harshly slowly), "rah raftan langan langan" (walking lamely). He also describes the structure of repeated adverbs in two ways; with the kasre role marker like "khoob-e khoob" (very good), "tond-e tond" (very fast) and without the kasre role marker, such as: "zood zood" (quickly quickly), "kheili kheili" (very very); therefore, when Kamyar, as a grammar writer, deals with repetition from a linguistic point of view, he only refers to its adverbial role (cf: ibid). Farshid Vard (1382: 201) in the discussion of compound nouns mentions that some compound nouns can be taken from dependency compounds, homogeneity compounds, and strengthening compounds. These are mostly repetitive emphatic and conjunctive words.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
In Nizami's Khosrow and Shirin, repeated compounds are used in the form of noun, verb, and adjective groups. Additionally, repetition is employed alongside other methods of word formation used by Nizami, such as compounding, derivation, compound-derivation, and reduction. Among the types of repetition, the poet utilizes both patterns: complete and incomplete repetition, and their various branches. Various established rules in the pattern of repetition exist in Nizami's two aforementioned works: such as noun + noun, noun + infix + noun, present stem + infix + present stem, adjective + infix + adjective, counting number + infix + counting number, adverb + adverb, adverb + infix + adverb, prayer sentence with a combination of interjection and vocative + vocative sentence with the same combination, infinitive + infinitive, noun + infix + epanalepsis or incomplete form of noun, past stem + infix + present stem from the root of the past stem. Regarding the pattern of repetition, most of the repeated nominal compounds in “Khosrow and Shirin” are complete repetitions with a medial addition of a grammatical morpheme, such as: "gerdāgerd" (around and around), "rovārov" (face to face), "nushānush" (drinking and drinking). In the next stage, complete repetition with a final addition, such as: "shākh-shākhi" (branchy). Then, complete unaugmented sentential repetition, such as: "yārab yā rab" (O Lord, O Lord). Incomplete epanalepsis with a change in the first consonant, such as: "kār o bār" (work and burden). Most of the repeated nominal compounds in Makhzan-ol-Asrar are complete repetitions with a medial addition of a grammatical morpheme, such as: "gorizāgoriz" (flight after flight), "keshmakesh" (struggle), "kon-ma-kon" (hesitation). Then, incomplete epanalepsis with a change in the first consonant, such as: "kār o bār" (work and burden). In the next stage, complete unaugmented sentential repetition, such as: "yārab yā rab" (O Lord, O Lord). Most of the repeated adjectival compounds in Khosrow and Shirin are complete repetitions with a medial addition of a grammatical morpheme, such as: "labālab" (brimming), "pichāpich" (twisting), "piyāpi" (successive), "gush be gush" (ear to ear), "la'l dar la'l" (ruby inside ruby), "shast bar shast" (sixty upon sixty), "bist dar bist" (twenty in twenty). In the next stage, complete unaugmented nominal repetition, such as: "daste daste" (group by group), "juju" (chick), "pich pich" (twist twist). Most of the repeated adjectival compounds in “Makhzan-ol-Asrar” are complete repetitions with a medial addition of a grammatical morpheme, such as: "gereh dar gereh" (knot in knot), "del be del" (heart to heart), "jān be jān" (soul to soul), "tan be tan" (body to body).