Metods and techniques of emphasis in Forugh Farrokhzad s poetry

Document Type : Grammatical-rhetorical

Author

Professor of Persian Language and Literature, Faculty of Literature and Foreign Languages, Arak University, Arak, Iran.

10.22091/jls.2025.12972.1695

Abstract

Emphasis is a set of grammatical-rhetorical techniques and methods that reinforce the meaning of a sentence or part of a sentence. Emphasis is presented in two parts: general and specific emphasis. General emphasis includes all parts of a sentence and clause, and specific emphasis includes some parts of a sentence. The main question in this article is: What are the methods and techniques of emphasis in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry based on the poetry collection Tavallodi Digar? This research indicates that some of the emphasis methods in Forough's poetry are common to the emphasis methods in classical Persian poetry, and some are new. The emphasis on various concepts in Forough's poetry is based more on the repetition of sentences and sentence components. Also, some of the emphases of his poetry in the collection Tavallodi Digar are based on original, expressive arrays and components of semantics, among which are adjectives and adverbs on the one hand and the position of verbs and adverbs on the other. 
Introduction
Emphasis and reinforcement of meaning and purpose in each language is done in specific ways. Although the discussion of emphasis is not separately mentioned in Persian rhetorical sources, it has a special importance and position in Persian literary texts, especially Persian poetry. Emphasis is a linguistic device used to reinforce the meaning of a word or part of it in various forms of language, including speech and writing. Emphasis has both grammatical and rhetorical aspects, and the methods of emphasis may also evolve and change as poetic styles change. This article examines one of Forough Farrokhzad's poetry volumes, Tavallodi Digar, in terms of the use of emphasis.
Materiyals & Methods
The research data in this article was prepared using library resources and through questionnaires. Then, samples and evidence were collected using the inductive method and analyzed in the next stage.
Research findings
The present study shows that some of the emphasis methods in contemporary poetry are common with the emphasis methods in classical poetry, and some are new. In total, the emphasis is seen in two parts: general and specific in this collection of poems. This study also shows that the emphasis patterns in Tavallodi Digar are close to the emphasis patterns in spoken language. This study also tells us that some methods of emphasis are grammatical and others are rhetorical. In addition to that, among the various methods of emphasis, emphasis- through-repetition is the most common. Repetition is one of the main characteristics of language, especially the language of poetry. Emphasis-through-repetition is seen in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry in various forms. Obvious examples of this include the repetition of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, verbs, and sentences.
Discussion of Results & Conclusion
An examination of the methods of emphasis in Forough Farrokhzad's poetry shows that some of the methods of emphasis in her poetry are similar to the types of emphasis in classical Persian poetry, while others are new. For example, types of emphasis that are also considered literary devices are also found in classical poetry. Emphasis-through-repetition is also part of this category. The novelty of these method becomes apparent in the examples where the poet uses more spoken language. One of the new cases in emphasis-through-repetition is a type of emphasis through alliteration, which is done by explaining and describing the key word in a piece of poetry. Emphasis with rhetorical  questions is related to the knowledge of meanings, and the poet has emphasized various concepts with this technique.
Forough also emphasizes his intended concepts by repeating words, sentences, and grammatical roles. One of the new cases in emphasis through repetition is a type of emphasis through alliteration, which is done by explaining and describing the key word in a piece of poetry.
 
 

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References

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Rhetoric and Grammar Studies
Volume 15, Issue 27
September 2025
Pages 226-245

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