Opposition as a Basic Component in the Grammar of Proverbs Based on Persian and Chinese Proverbs

Document Type : Grammar

Author

Associate Professor, Department of Persian Language and Literature, University of Qom, Qom, Iran

10.22091/jls.2023.9521.1508

Abstract

Proverbs is among the terms that researchers disagree on both defining and determining its examples, to the extent that some believe that it can never be defined. Due to these ambiguities, some have mixed it with other realms such as irony and allegorical metaphor. It seems that the researches in this field have not sought a systematic and well-founded framework for all kinds of parables. Researchers in linguistics and literature in the 20th century tried to extract general rules for both and present them under the title of "Grammar" considering the similarities of types and literary works, analyzing their structure, and defining different types in the form of a few simple forms. One of these forms is proverb the “grammar” of which can be obtained by analyzing its structure and extracting its components, and by putting them together. It seems that one of these basic components, which can be seen in different forms in proverbs, is opposition. In this research, while categorizing and criticizing the definitions of proverb, examining the types of oppositions in philosophy and semantics, about a thousand Persian and Chinese proverbs have been classified with a descriptive-analytical method. The result of the research shows that in every proverb we are dealing with some kind of opposition, but the frequency of opposition is different, so that types of connotational opposition and complementary opposition are the most frequent, and lexical opposition is placed in the next category, although we have proverbs that have several types of opposites. Also, in the current research, there was no example of the symmetrical opposition or gradable opposition.

Keywords

Main Subjects

References

Abrams, M. (2015). Farhang-e Towsifi-ye Estelahat-e Adabi. Tarjomeye Sa’id Sabziyan Moradabadi. Tehran: Rahnama. Akbarian, I. (2010). A spice of classroom: Incorporating proverbial expressions in EFL classes. Journal of Asia TEFL. 1(7). Pp. 221-238.
Amin Shirazi, A. (1991). Ayin Balaghat. Vol. 3. ‘Elm Bayan, Sharh-e Mokhtasar-ol Ma’ani. Qom: Foroogh Ghoran.
Anvari, H. (2005). Farhang-e Amsal-e Sokhan. Tehran: Sokhan.
Bahmanyar, A. (2002). Dastannameye Bahmanyari. Tehran: Entesharat-e Daneshgah-e Tehran.
Barcelona, A. (2011). Este’are va Majaz ba Rooykard-e Shenakhti. Tarjomeye Farzan-e Sojoodi, Leila Sadeghi va Tina Amrollahi. Tehran: Naghsh-e Jahan.
Chandler, D. (2008). Mabani-ye Neshaneshenasi. Tarjomeye Mahdi Parsa. Tehran: Soore-ye Mehr.
Chen, CH. (2016). Tahghigh-e Zarbolmasalhaye Chini. Pekan: Entesharat-e ‘Oloom-e Ejtema’i-ye Chin.
Cuddon , J. A. (1984). A dictionary of literary terms .Publised in Penguin Books.
Culler, J. (2009). Botighay-e Sakhtgara. Tarjomeye Koorosh Savafi. Tehran: Minoye Kherad.
Dehkhoda, ‘A. (1998). Amsal va Hekam. Tehran: Amirkabir. Faler, R. & Others. (2002). Zabanshenasi va Naghd-e Adabi. Tarjomeye Maryam Khozan & Hosein Payandeh. Tehran: Ney.
Forooghi, M.H. (2020). ‘Elm-e Badi’. Be Ehtemam-e Mohammad ‘Ali Forooghi & Abolhasan Forooghi. Be Kooshesh-e Mona ‘Ali Madadi. Tehran: Khamoosh.
Gorgani, H. (1998). Abda’ol Badaye’. Be Ehtemam-e Hosein Jafari. Ba Moghaddameye Jalil Tajlil. Tabriz: Ahrar-e Tabriz. Hawkes, T. (2019). Sakhtgerayi va Neshaneshenasi. Tarjomeye Koorosh Savafi. Tehran: ‘Elmi.
Homayi, J. (1995). Ma’ani va Bayan. Be Kooshesh-e Mahdokht-e Homayi. Tehran: Homa.
Ibn Asir, N. (1999). Al-Masal-ol Saer. Tahghigh-e Mohammad Mohyeoddin ‘Abdolhamid. Beiroot: Al-Maktabatol ‘Asriyya.
Jaeo, Sh. & Y. Jang. (2015). Tahlil-e Avvaliye-ye Ravesh Bayani-ye Zarbolmasalhaye Chini. Majalleye ‘Elmi-ye Kalej-e Amoozesh-e ‘Ali-ye Tay yoan. No. Pp. 55-57. [In China]
Jeng, H. (2008). Zarbolmasalhaye Chini. Pekan: Edareye Nashriyat-e Nosakh-e Khatti.
Khaje Nasiroddin Toosi. (1997). Asasol Eghtebas. Be Tashihe Modarres Razavi. Tehran: Entesharat-e Daneshgah-e Tehran.
Lin Xue & Chuntao Han, Ning Cai .(2015). On Chinese Idiom Translation from Cultural Perspective ,International Conference on Management, Computer and Education Informatization (MCEI ).
Meydani, A. (1987). Majma’ol Amsal. Be Tahghigh-e Abolfazl Ebrahim. Vol. 4. Beiroot: Daroljil.
Mieder, W. (2004). Proverbs: a handbook. (Greenwood Folklore Handbooks). Greenwood Press.
Mihani, M. (2006). Ayin-e Dabiri. Tashih va Towzih-e Akbar Nahvi. Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Daneshgahi.
Okhovvat, A. (1992). Dastoor-e Zaban-e Dastan. Isfahan: Farda.
Palmer, F. (1995). Negahi Taze be Ma’nishenasi. Tarjomeye Koorosh Safavi. Tehran: Ketab-e Mad.
Parsa, A. (2005). Masalha az Negahi Now. Rooshd-e Amoozesh-e Zaban va Adab-e Farsi. 18 (75). 7-17. [In Persian] Parvin Gonabadi, M. (1977). Gozineye Maghaleha. Tehran: Ketabhaye Jibi.
Poornamdariyan, T. (1997). Ramz va Dastanhaye Ramzi dar Adab-e Farsi. Tehran: ‘Elmi va Farhangi.
Radviyani, M. (1983). Tarjeman-ol-Balagheh. Be Tashih va Ehtemam-e Ahmad Atash va Enteghad-e Malekol Sho’ara-ye Bahar. Tehran: Asatir.
Rezaei, A. (2014). Tashbih-e Tamsil va Este’are-ye Tamsiliye dar Kotob-e Balaghi. Adab Pazhoohi. No. 34. Pp. 33-50. [In Persian]
Rezaei, A. (2012). Rhetorical Function Of Proverbs Based On Literary Genre Procedia- Social and behavioral sciences. Safavi, K. (2001). Daramadi bar Ma’nishenasi. Tehran: Pazhooheshgah-e Farhang va Honar-e Eslami.
Sajjadi, S.J. (1996). Farhang-e Oloom-e Falsafi va Kalami. Tehran: Amirkabir.
Scholes, R. (2000). Daramadi bar Sakhtargerayi dar Adabiyyat. Tarjomeye Farzaneh Taheri. Tehran: Agah.
Shafi’I Kadkani, M.R. (1992). Sovar-e Khiyal dar She’r-e Farsi. Tehran: Agah. Shamisa, S. (1992). Bayan. Tehran: Ferdows. Tams, B. (2021). Revayat, Mafahim-e Bonyadi va Raveshhaye Tahlil. Tarjomeye Hosein Payandeh. Tehran: Morvarid.
Tang, CH. (1981). Daramadi bar Estelahat va Zarbolmasalha. Goangzhoo: Entesharat-e Mardom-e Goangdong.
Tesaeo, T. (1981). Tahlil-e Avvaliye-ye Zarbolmasalhaye Chini-ye Mo’aser. Majalleye ‘Elmi-ye Daneshgah-e Tarbiyat Modarres-e Tiyanjin. No. 6. Pp. 80-83. [In China]
Vahidiyan Kamyar, T. (2009). Badi’ az Didgah-e Zibayishenasi. Tehran: Samt.
Vang, CH. (1980). Moghaddameei bar Zarbolmasalha. Changsha: Entesharat-e Mardom-e Honan.
Ven, D. (1986). Majmoo’e Estelahat-e ‘Amiyane-ye Ghadimi va Emroozi. Tanyoan: Entesharat-e Mardom-e Shanshi. Wenjuan ,SHI, JIANG Yuhong. (2015). Comparison and Contrast Between English and Chinese Idioms From Cultural Connotation Perspective ,Studies in Literature and Language. Vol. 10. No. 10. Pp. 102-113.
Yang, Chunli .(2010). Cultural Differences on Chinese and English Idioms of Diet and the Translation, English Language Teaching. Vol. 3. No 1. Pp. 147 - 154.
Zellheim, R. (2002). Amsal-e Kohan-e ‘Arabi. Tarjomeye Ahmad Shafi’iha. Tehran: Markaz-e Nashr-e Daneshgahi. Zen Rong, V. (2014). Heyvanat dar Zarbolmasalhaye Chini va Farsi. Faslnameye Motale’at-e Enteghadi-ye Adabiyyat. 1 (2). 11-30. [In Persian]
Zeng, Y. (2003). Farhang-e Zarbolmasalhaye Farsi be Chini va Estelahat-e Chini be Farsi. Pekan: Matboo’at-e Tejari. Zeng, Y. (2003). Farhang-e Zarbolmasalhaye Farsi be Chini va Estelahat-e Chini be Farsi. Pekan: Matboo’at-e Tejari. Zolfaghari, H. (2007). Barrasi-ye Sakhtar-e Ersal-ol Masal (Bahsi dar Ersal Masal va Tafavot-e An Ba Barkhi Goneha va Sakhtarhaye Moshabeh-e An). Pazhooheshhaye Adabi. No. 15. Pp. 30-62. [In Persian]
Zolfaghari, H. (2008). Tafavot-e Kenaye ba Zarbolmasal. Dofaslnameye Pazho-e Zaban va Adabiyyat-e Farsi. No. 10. Pp. 109-133. [In Persian]
Send comment about this article
CAPTCHA Image
Rhetoric and Grammar Studies
Volume 13, Issue 23
December 2023
Pages 21-43

Files

Share

How to cite

Statistics